By Fiona Rawsontile, Nov 2015
Dr. Thomas is special to
me, because he founded the Biomedical Engineering Department at Saint Louis
University (SLU), without which I might have left academia by now. He is also
special, compared with other interviewees who mostly focus on research, in that
he has tremendous experience in building academic programs, designing
curricula, exploring novel teaching techniques, and helping underdeveloped
countries.
Fiona: You worked in
industry before you became a faculty member at Case Western Reserve, and again
in North Coast Engineering as the President before you founded SLU’s BME
department. There seems to exist a “force” that always drives you back to
academic.
Dr.
Thomas: North Coast Engineering was my consulting group while I was a professor
at CWRU. Graduate students and I used NCE to work on a few contracts outside of
CWRU. The main effect was funding for graduate students.
Fiona: That was nice.
After
my MS degree, I worked with Martin Marietta in Orlando. MM was a defense
contractor, and I worked in a research division where we investigated new ideas
and new techniques that could lead to new products. On at least a dozen
occasions, I was temporarily assigned to a short-term project that was a kind
of emergency for MM or for DOD. In each case, I joined a small group of
engineers in an assignment that could be characterized by “here are the data
from some situation, what does it mean, and what should MM do”. While all those
projects were classified, the engineering content was great, and I had a chance
to work with others whose expertise differed from mine. All those projects
provided great engineering experience, and a few ventured into physics and
chemistry.
My
division directors at MM encouraged me to pursue a PhD degree. I recall that
family members thought I was crazy to quit a really good job in order to go back
to school. I moved for two reasons. As much as I enjoyed the engineering work
at MM, I wanted to learn about a new field called “bionics” which was absorbed
into biomedical engineering. I also wanted to work in an area that focuses more
directly on benefits to humans.
As
a PhD student, I was recruited by CWRU after experience in teaching and a few
research projects. I did consider an industrial position, but for reasons that
are not totally clear, I thought a university environment was a better fit for
me.
Fiona: Well, sometimes our subconsciousness makes
the best decisions for us. What aspect of Higher Education attracts you the
most?
Dr.
Thomas: Being a university professor and being an engineer in the MM research
division were not all that different. In both cases I worked on projects that
could be funded and projects that I found interesting. In university, I had
more control over my project selection and research directions, and that
independence was attractive. As a PhD student, I taught a course, and I found
that experience to be enjoyable and challenging. As a result, I was attracted
by the opportunity to teach and work with graduate students.
Fiona: What challenges or advantages you think are
unique to faculty in Engineering compared with other disciplines?
Dr.
Thomas: Engineering differs from other disciplines, but those differences are
not huge, and the differences often make work more interesting. At CWRU, I was
in engineering, but I also had an appointment in Experimental Psychology,
specifically in a Perception Lab that focused on vision. In that Lab, my
engineering expertise complemented the visual science and psychophysics
expertise of my colleagues. Of course, engineers build things – in hardware or
software. In order to investigate brief visual phenomena, I built a video based
system that opened some new avenues for research. We frequently talked about
our different approaches, but our differences were always viewed as a strength
in the Lab, and the differences enriched the experience of the graduate
student.
Fiona: Biomedical engineering is a relatively new a
discipline. When you tried to build the BME program at SLU with limited
resource, what were the difficulties you had to face? Have you envisioned it to
be what we have today or something rather different?
Dr.
Thomas: I wanted to start the department with a PhD program first, and then
expand to an undergraduate program. The SLU administration vetoed that
approach, and we compromised to an approach of undergraduate degree first, and
later a graduate program. At the beginning, that compromise was not totally
comfortable, but after 6 years or so, the result was effectively the same. The
department today is really what I wanted, thanks for you and the other great
young faculty.
Fiona: I’m glad to hear that. Do you have advice for
educators in the future who want to build new programs?
Dr.
Thomas: In terms of starting a new program, I see two ways to start. With
sufficient university commitment, a totally new department can emerge, i.e.,
Civil Engineering at SLU. The second approach is to build a specialty using
faculty from multiple departments. For example, your Neuroscience program did
not start as a department, but you had a group of faculty with similar interests
who could work together to build something new. Both approaches are valid and
appropriate. Which you use depends on the area and the faculty. The
non-department start-up may be more appropriate when the focus is on graduate
research.
Fiona: Do you have opinions about the general BME
curriculum in the United States? Do you think students, upon graduation, are
ready for jobs in industry? What aspects could have been strengthened?
Dr.
Thomas: I recall when biomedical engineering programs were in two categories.
The large majority was more engineering, i.e., more like the traditional
engineering majors. The minority moved more in the direction of the biological
sciences. In the past 20 years or so, those two populations have merged. There
are still differences among universities, mostly due to different faculty
expertise, but the differences are not that important.
I
took my first job, after my MS degree, and I had doubts about my abilities. I
found myself in a division where I was the “new kid on the block”; the next youngest
was about 12 years older that I. The age difference quickly disappeared. I
found that I had a few skills that could be useful to my group, and I found
that others had engineering experience that I did not have. It was a teaching-learning
situation.
BME graduates today seem to
face similar situations. Even when they join a well-established group, our
graduates have unique, and sometimes more up to date, skills that make them
valuable employees.
While we might talk about
minor changes in the curriculum, the main principle is to make the curriculum
match the faculty. Secondly, graduates will give valuable feedback. Graduates
tell us that they had the skills to be immediately productive, even while they
learn new lab techniques. Faculty from other universities tell me that our
graduates are prepared to be productive on day one.
Overall, maintain a
curriculum that matches the faculty, listen to graduates in their new
positions, and listen to faculty and employers who hire our graduates. Be
willing to make minor corrections in the curriculum, and trust your judgment on
what changes need to be made.
Fiona: As a junior faculty, I am yet to develop a
practical strategy to help me get tenure. Do you have advice for non-tenured
faculty in terms of self-planning for their career and surviving academic politics?
Dr.
Thomas: My usual advice is to pursue you own
interests and do the things you like to do. I think that is good, but it omits
a lot of details.
Preparing for tenure and
promotion varies with the area and the person. But generally, I suggest two
things. First, the preparation should be the same as If you anticipate going to
a new institution. Again, that may or may not be helpful. Secondly, create a
track record and paper trail. The track record will build naturally, with pubs
and grants and students. The paper train may be equally important. Record every
act of research, teaching, or service. Even the simplest of items should be
included, like giving a guest lecture in someone’s course, collaborating with
colleagues in a start-up, serving on a committee, visiting a local school, and
other event that you may consider to be minor.
Fiona: I know you have
been constantly trying new teaching techniques. What is the key in being an
effective teacher, in your opinion? Are there useful principles or tricks you
would like to share with us?
Dr.
Thomas: Tough question. I started using personal computers in lab and in
courses, starting with the Apple II and a TRS80 (from Radio Shack). I did it
because I wanted to use the computers. In hindsight, the computing aspect made
courses more interesting and more challenging for students. The introduction of
computers into courses was not well planned; it just happened. There was a lot
of trial and error, and a lot of good advice and feedback and assistance from
students.
Different
faculty have different talents. A few can entertain students with a
performance. Most of us in engineering do not have those entertainment skills,
at least not for more than a few minutes.
I
have used a course website for many years, and that was another experiment at
the time. With or without a good textbook, students benefit from class notes,
videos, or other references. The videos are especially interesting. The current
undergraduates will be very attentive for any video, even a low-quality video. During
a video may be the only time, other than exams, when I have their undivided
attention. In ten years, the students and teaching tools will be different, but
for now videos work, just as a personal computer worked in the 1980s.
From
my own experience as a student and as a professor, I think the primary element
for success it to like the material you present in courses. Students will recognize
when a professor has enthusiasm for the course material or if the professor is
just going through the motions. I have always been fortunate to teach courses
that I really liked, and that made teaching fun for me. When it is fun for me,
that enthusiasm transfers to students.
Fiona: You just mentioned the curriculum should
match the faculty’s expertise, and I think it helps bring up the enthusiasm of
the faculty teaching courses relevant to their research. Thank you so much for
the invaluable advice, Dr. Thomas! Before we end, I’d like to hear about your
exciting project in Haiti. Could you talk about the progress you made when you
last visited there with the 13 SLU students? What is your goal next year?
Dr.
Thomas: The 13 SLU students and I traveled to the northern region of Haiti in
June 2015. We were accompanied by a Haitian student who expects to study
Business in St Louis. The 15 of us tutored students in the small town of
Plaine-du-Nord, where the SLU students spent three days with more than 160
Haitian students. We spend a day at the
factory of Meds & Food for Kids where they make a peanut-based food bar for
undernourished children and pregnant women. The SLU students saw the process
from growing peanuts to producing the final food products, and the
infrastructure of the factory that includes producing its own electricity and
potable water. On a day at a new campus of the University of Haiti, we met with
the university administration about potential collaborations. Aside from those
three main items, we made several short trips, including a day at the most
popular tourist site in Milot, mass at the Cathedral in Cap-Haitian, and a
morning at a beach. The trip was a wonderful experience for all of us, and we
continue to meet and recall our Haiti experience.
Some
current projects really started when we were in Haiti. There is so much to do
in Haiti, it’s
hard to know what to do first. We are addressing the lack of electricity and a
new approach to reforestation. The goal is to provide solar power to families,
starting with basic cooking and lighting. I want to have a few units of a
prototype that can be tested by Haitian families, starting in February or
March. Fortunately, several BME students are very excited about working on
these projects, and of course, they contribute their own ideas.
Fiona commented: I guess seeing their knowledge
being applied to help people was more rewarding than getting a good grade in
class.
Dr.
Thomas: We are also working on some specific plans for collaborative projects
with the University of Haiti in Limonade. The university has a nice new campus,
but it suffers from a lack of faculty. Many courses do not have teachers, and
students cannot complete their degree requirements. We are looking at ways that
we might use graduate students or postdocs to go to Haiti for 1-2 semesters to
teach courses. That could relieve the current crisis and maybe allow the
University to reach its potential.
Fiona: If you were a junior faculty like me, I might
look at the outreach as a preparation toward NSF funding or tenure. But for
someone who has just retired, it shows how a scientist and engineer is tied to the
human society. What you have been doing matters, Dr. Thomas, and I’m proud of you
as a colleague.
