“The ancient historians gave us delightful
fiction in the form of fact; the modern novelist presents us with dull facts
under the guise of fiction.” (Oscar Wilde)
1. Adopt the Right Attitude
Just like everything
else, before we start, we have to believe what we do matters. If we can’t
persuade ourselves, how are we going to persuade others? Writing scientific
essays should not be considered as an obligation, or a pain we go through to
create a nice-looking CV. It is true that we have the duty to publish what we
have done. “If you don’t publish, you didn’t do it,” my PhD advisor used to
tell me. But bear in mind that the development of any discipline would not have
been possible if people didn’t know what one another was doing. Consider the
current stage of a research field as a mansion, and your publication as a brick
that may appear anywhere from the basement to the roof. Insufficient details
make it difficult for others to replicate your work; ambiguous phrasings can cause
misunderstandings. A single badly crafted brick may deteriorate into a leaky
passage. Too many substandard materials
can cause the mansion to collapse.
Let’s not
treat essay writing as a burden. Maybe you are lucky to have worked in a modern
lab with cutting-edge equipment, or not that lucky like me who sits surrounded
by antiques and cockroaches. No matter what, after conducting your experiments
for months or years, now it is the time for you to reach out to other smart
people, to show your findings and gain their respect. Your writing doesn’t have
to impress people---although, if you can, by all means do it! At least it
should provide them with a fair chance to judge your work. You deserve it.
The good
part about writing a paper is that, unless you give up, it usually ends up
being published somewhere. Another form of scientific writing is to prepare
research proposals for funding applications. Given the fact that both governmental
and private budgets for non-clinical projects are shrinking almost universally,
it can be quite frustrating to spend months collecting data and writing a
proposal just to have it rejected. But don’t be so pessimistic. There are
several benefits of writing grant proposals.
First, it helps you clear your mind and nail down what you really plan
to do. “I write entirely to find out what I'm thinking, what I'm looking at,
what I see and what it means.” (Joan Didion) You may have a vague idea about a
brilliant project. By writing it down you are forced to work through your logic
and examine its feasibility.
Second, it
garners valuable opinions from your peers. A pair of fresh eyes can help catch
flaws in your design; somebody might have done similar work that you are not
aware of; you might have overestimated your ability to step into a field without
having acquired relevant expertise … It can be painful to face criticisms, but
you always learn something. Even if all the reviewers misunderstood you, you
know you need to tell a better story (to the lesser men, if that makes you feel
better).
Third, it
makes things happen, not just being dreamed of. To collect preliminary results,
you can’t wait for the best time to come. You gotta start it right now! Nothing
inspires us more than an approaching deadline. And remember, in the worst case
that your application is dismissed, you may have a manuscript ready to be
submitted.
In short,
attitude is important. "Love the writing, love the writing ... the rest
will follow." (Jane Yolen)
2. Hone your craft
Here I urge
everybody to learn the basic techniques of creative writing. It’s true that we
need to write professionally, but a boring article may discourage the readers
from digging out the treasure buried in your monotones and sloppy grammar. Right
off the top of my head I could think of several tips.
First, use
active voice. I know, scientific writing is one place where passive voice is
indulged, if not encouraged. There have been constant debates about whether
active or passive voice better serves scientific writing (like this one: https://cgi.duke.edu/web/sciwriting/index.php?action=passive_voice).
I don’t want to go in depth to discuss their pros and cons. Here is an example
from one of my old papers: “Activity evoked by low-level background noise is
reported to be more suppressed by inhibitory inputs than is tone-evoked
activity”. If I were to rewrite this sentence now, it would be: “Inhibitory
inputs generate stronger suppression on activity evoked by low-level background
noise than by tones.” The original sentence has 19 words, whereas the revised
has only 15 words. In addition, it is clearer which is compared with which in
the revised sentence. In my experience, changing a passive voice into active
usually introduces a strong verb (e.g., generate), which is better than “is
found, is observed, or is reported to be”.
Second, expand
your vocabulary. In scientific writing, we tend to use the same words again and
again. Next time when you want to write the verb “show”, consider its synonyms
such as “demonstrate”, “display”, “exhibit”, “indicate”, or “suggest”. I’m not
saying you should randomly choose a synonym just to avoid repetitions. These
words differ from one another and depending on the context, one of them will be
the most accurate. For example, “display” and “exhibit” give a more passive
feeling, whereas “demonstrate” implies some kind of proof. “Suggest” sounds
more active than “indicate”. By doing so, your writing will slow down. But, here
is one of my favorite quotes: “Write quickly and you will never write well;
write well, and you will soon write quickly.” (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus)
Third, pay
attention to the melody and vary the sentence length. It’s very tedious to read
an article that has one long sentence followed by another. Short sentences are
punchier, but too many in a row gives the impression of lacking sophistication.
The best is to have long sentences interleaved with short ones, but by all
means, avoid complex structures with layers of meanings. It’s hard enough for
others to understand your basic science. Don’t play word games here. In fact,
for more skilled writers they would even vary the structures of adjacent
sentences. Another commonly overlooked aspect is what the word sound like. Many
novelists believe that the sound of a word is, at least, as important as its
meaning. This might be a high standard for scientific writers. I would say, the
least you can do is to stay away from mouthful phrases.
Fourth,
avoid repetitions. Here is a perfect example. At the end of the last paragraph,
I initially wrote “the least you can do is to avoid mouthful phrases.” Then I
realize I have another “avoid” just below it. So I changed one of them. Another
idea I want to get across here is that you don’t have to repeat in the text
what is already there in the figure captions. In the captions, we tend to
write, “The x-axis is … The y-axis is … The closed symbols are …” I have seen
many authors who constantly repeat those phrases in the Results. Not necessary.
Another bad habit is to repeat the entire results in the Discussion. The
Discussion should really discuss. It should expand. If readers forget about a
result, they can go back to look up for it.
Fifth,
refrain from using adverbs or modifiers. Replacing a weak verb followed by an
adverb with a strong and accurate verb is the number one golden rule of
creative writing. For example, “He was walking leisurely in the garden,” should
be rewritten as “He was rambling in the garden.” We also tend to say, “The
change is very large.” Some people believe that, in scientific writing, any
change should be either statistically significant or not. This rule is kind of
hard to follow (note: delete “kind of” for better writing), but comply with it
whenever you can.
Last, use
informative subtitles, especially in the Discussion. Like what I’m doing here:
“1, Adopt the Right Attitude”, rather than “1, The Attitude”. Instead of saying
“The Negative Level Effect”, make it clear that “The Negative Level Effect Is
Only Found for Localization in Elevation.” Under each subsection, instead of
plunging into the results, first use a few sentences to tell the readers what
to expect, such as in what order will the data be presented. Some people even
suggest adding a summary sentence to the beginning or the end of every
paragraph in the Results. Your choice. I would always have a summary sentence
at the beginning of each figure caption.
In short, never
underestimate the power of language. If you aren’t careful with what you say,
people would wonder if you have been careful with what you do. Unless you are
in a hurry, treat every email as an opportunity to improve your skills.
3. Tell a story
For research
articles, different people write in different orders. I always start with the
straightforward part, the Methods, which merely needs to be organized and presented
in the clearest way. Then I describe the results. Although I tend to think I
understand the results by the time the experiment is finished, there are always
surprises waiting for me in the finalized figures. Then based on the results, I
select what I want to include in the Introduction. Here is a tip: like writing
a novel, instead of revealing all the findings, adding a little bit of suspense
to the Intro usually keeps the readers more engaged, although they do know what
to expect in general, assuming they have read the Abstract.
(插入作者高妹/Fiona的话:向大家推荐我正在连载的玄幻---武打---佛道---言情故事《魅羽活佛》,晋江链接:http://www.jjwxc.net/onebook.php?novelid=4880087 故事简介:鬼道中的魇荒门,七个师姐妹都以绝世美颜著称。然而这次的任务中,二弟子魅羽却要化作一个中年油腻肥秃僧,卷入佛国、道门,和修罗界的斗争. 还要让咱们古往今来文采武功都称霸天下的帅哥活佛,对她一见倾心,矢志不渝。)
(插入作者高妹/Fiona的话:向大家推荐我正在连载的玄幻---武打---佛道---言情故事《魅羽活佛》,晋江链接:http://www.jjwxc.net/onebook.php?novelid=4880087 故事简介:鬼道中的魇荒门,七个师姐妹都以绝世美颜著称。然而这次的任务中,二弟子魅羽却要化作一个中年油腻肥秃僧,卷入佛国、道门,和修罗界的斗争. 还要让咱们古往今来文采武功都称霸天下的帅哥活佛,对她一见倾心,矢志不渝。)
Now it comes
to the critical part, the Discussion. Many people tend to organize the
Discussion based on how they present the Results. I can’t say this never works,
but why not give it another thought? Ask yourself several questions before you
start. For example, “Why did we do this?” In fact, a better question would be,
“Why did we have to do this?” Using
my PhD advisor’s word, every study we do is a must-do; if it’s optional, we
should’ve found a better way to spend the taxpayers’ money. You can argue that
your study helps discover something new, or fill a gap between things we’ve
already known. A common mistake people often make here is the assumption that
anything unknown is worth studying, e.g., “We are the first to …” Well, it’s
true only if you are paying for the experiment out of pocket. Otherwise, it needs
to be a critical piece of information that solves a long-lived myth, settles
ongoing arguments, or links segregated knowledge into a whole picture. Some prestigious
journals may even want you to elaborate how your field will change once people
get to know your work. Don’t be intimidated by this request. Changes rarely
happen overnight. Know your strength, and talk about it with confidence.
Truth is
impartial. It shouldn’t depend on the person who pursues it. But science is
more than absolute truth. How individual researchers approach the same topic
from different angles, how they test their hypotheses and interpret the
results, make science colored with all kinds of human factors. We try to write
as impartially as we can, but meanwhile, don’t be afraid of expressing your
opinions---they might be wrong, but you’ll never know without them being
articulated. “Let who you are … what you believe, shine through every sentence
you write.” (John Jakes)
Now a bit
off topic here. When addressing reviewers’ comments, there are two typical
tendencies. One is to be overly flattering in hopes that the reviewers or
editor will simply let it go. The other is to answer with strong emotions,
almost getting personal. Neither is the
appropriate approach, especially the second one. I know you might be indignant
for being misunderstood or mistreated; you might be shocked at the reviewers’
hostility or stupidity, but it does you no good to start a heated debate due to
the nature of peer reviews. When you can’t exchange arguments with the other
party in a freely and timely manner, things are frequently misinterpreted. Remember,
don’t get personal. Just answer the questions, as calmly and concisely as you
can. They may have acted unprofessionally, but you wouldn’t. And no need to be
flattering either. Acknowledge their expertise, and say that the manuscript has
been greatly improved due to their help. Note the last sentence is the key. It
makes you and the reviewers collaborators, not enemies.
All right!
That’s all I wanted to say. In short, you have to love what you do. And why
not? Science is not only about inventing fancy machines or conquering diseases.
Through scientific activity we learn to free our mind, we try to find out where
we are from, and survive as better human beings.
Thanks Highly for sharing! It really helps me a lot!!!
ReplyDeleteI'm glad you found it useful, Hongli, and thanks for the nice word.
DeleteHi Fiona,
ReplyDeleteCame across your website and hope I had read your tips earlier... You advice and suggestions are all right to the point, and are presented very convincingly. Thank you for doing this!