I’m very
excited to have Dr. Yin here, not only because he is my former postdoc adviser,
but because during the four years I worked with him, when he was overburdened
with administrative duties, we never had a conversation as long as this one.
Fiona: Your
independent research began at University of Wisconsin Madison 38 years ago.
Over the years, what was the biggest change you have observed in the way people
conduct research?
Dr. Yin: I
think the biggest difference is that faculty now spend much more time writing
grant proposals than I did. Of course the reason for that is the present
prolonged period of tight funding compared to when I started out. Funding has
usually been rather cyclical with up and down cycles but the present 5-10 year
severe depression is very worrisome, especially as there is no end in sight. During
most of my research career, one expected to get funded when applying to NIH.
Nowadays, it seems like the hope is not to be triaged! As a consequence I only
wrote about 10 grant proposals during that 38 year period. Nowadays, PIs are
writing that many proposals in 2 or 3 years!! I couldn’t possibly come up so
many ideas for grants.
Fiona: As a
young investigator, I totally agree. If the overall funding situation remains,
could you think of strategies the government may adopt to ease up the competition?
Dr. Yin: One
of the irritating aspects of present NIH funding is that there are quite a few
very large laboratories that have multiple NIH grants. I personally know
several labs with 8 and 9 R01 grants. I believe NIH is now implementing a
policy to prevent this from happening, but I would strongly recommend that some
reasonable cap (two or three) be implemented on the number of NIH grants to any
given P.I. Obviously some policy on collaborative grants needs to be included
in such a rule.
Fiona: Your
lab is stuffed with equipment my age. Are there advantages of using primitive
electronics over the fancy ones made more recently?
Dr. Yin: No,
I just have a difficult time throwing anything away so the old equipment stays
in the lab.
Fiona: Really?
I thought there were old-equipment magic. At the moment, what is the biggest
obstacle in the auditory research that hinders further advancement of the
field? In other words, what existing problem would you like to be solved first?
Dr. Yin: I
think the biggest problem in brain research, not just auditory, is to
understand how the nervous system integrates information from individual
neurons to produce perception, action, decisions, and other higher order
functions. We now know a lot about how individual neurons respond to different
stimuli or to produce different actions, and under different behavioral
conditions but we understand very little about how the responses of many
neurons are integrated to generate behavior. In visual research this is often
referred to as the binding problem: how does the CNS take information about the
shape, color, orientation, 3D form, etc. of an object which appears to be
encoded by different visual areas and put it all together to give us a percept
of a person running, for example.
Fiona: When
a large department with a long history recruits new faculty, what are the major
considerations people tend to have?
Dr. Yin:
There are a number of important considerations that departments generally have
when looking to hire new faculty. Among them are the following: the faculty
member has a history of productive research as judged by publications during
the graduate and post-doctoral years, that he/she is doing interesting and
important research that has a high likelihood of getting funded in the future,
sometimes departments are looking for faculty working in specific areas,
indications that the faculty member will be a good colleague within the
department and school with interest in collaboration with existing labs, and
the faculty member will be a good mentor and teacher.
Fiona: You’ve trained more than a dozen graduate students and postdocs. Despite the escalating competition, all but two successfully landed jobs in academia. Did you only recruit students who were willing to make a commitment, or was there a secret in how you mentored them?
Dr. Yin: No,
I don’t think I ever asked a student if they were interested in an academic
career, at least not when they applied to work in the lab so this was not a way
to screen potential students. I think I was lucky to find students and postdocs
who were really talented and hardworking and also really liked doing science
and just wanted that to be their career. Having a productive graduate and
postgraduate experience also helps.
Fiona: I
still think there has to be something more than luck. Would you like to offer
some advice to young researchers in their earlier careers?
Dr. Yin: I
always tell students who are considering a research career that the most
important thing to me is that you be excited about doing research. It’s
unlikely that you will become rich or famous in academia, so what has to drive
you during the inevitable hard times when experiments aren’t working or funding
is tight or reviewers are obstinate is the love of the science. So if you
aren’t excited about coming into the lab in the morning, then try to work on a
problem that will get you excited.
Fiona: And if we fail in the end, at
least we’ve had some wonderful time. That might be too permissive. Let me put
it the other way: if we are excited about what we do, we have a better chance
of getting the reviewers excited. Okay, thank you so much, my mentor! I wish
you a happy retirement (with still more teaching responsibilities, of course)!
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Comments highly appreciated! - Fiona